One of the critical challenges of a changing Europe is the energy transition and building long-term energy security that guarantees economic development and a viable society. This challenge is tricky because it requires facing the environmental crisis and acting in floating and volatile spatial and geopolitical conditions visible in Europe. Therefore, geographical knowledge generated at the interface of human and physical geography, including cartography and GIS, is leading in creating diagnoses, strategies and action plans. These documents, important from the point of view of national and supranational policies, including the creation of alliances for mitigation and adaptation to the climate change effects, require research on the differentiation of the energy mix, directions of energy transition, its spatial, environmental, socio-economic, historical and cultural aspects, location conditions of new energy entities (e.g. renewables vs nuclear energy), both from the point of view of the regional and local system. An inseparable component of these analyses is the relationship with the place and the creation of a responsible society, building energy communities based on local energy resources, and a participatory approach to the transition in the energy sector. The significance of geographical research is manifested in the need to apply a comprehensive and multi-dimensional perspective of these changes, which, taking into account spatial and socio-economic repercussions, also allow for their identification and analysis of the problems in other sectors, e.g. agriculture, transport or the functioning of households, both in urban and rural areas.